Core airports connect with regional airports that serve a specific area; regional airports are at the distribution layer.
Finally, to reach your final destination, you can take a bus, a cab, a train, or rent a car. This can be considered the access layer. The source address is not used unless the letter needs to be returned to the sender. Using the destination address, the access level post office in New York examines the state, city, and street information to determine if it is directly connected to the destination.
If not, the letter is sent to the distribution layer post office using a default route. The distribution layer post office also examines the state, city, and street information to determine if it is directly connected to an access layer post office servicing the particular street.
The core level post office examines the state name, and if the state name does not equal New York, the letter is delivered to the core post office for the state of California. The California core post office delivers the letter to the distribution post office that handles the city of San Diego. The San Diego distribution post office delivers the letter to the access post office that handles the destination street.
Finally, the access level switch delivers the letter to the proper destination. The street name and number are the access layer components. The city name is the distribution layer component. The state name is the core layer component. The last four digits are used at the access layer to identify a particular telephone. The next three numbers are used at the distribution layer to identify an exchange that services several phone numbers.
The area code is used at the core level for routing between different regions. This is a speed drill. Using only your head, convert the following binary numbers to decimals. Convert to dotted hexadecimal first, and then convert each hexadecimal number pair to decimal. Convert each octal digit into three binary digits, and then convert the binary result to hexadecimal.
Network Classless routing protocols advertise subnet mask information along with the network prefixes. Classful routing protocols do not. Therefore, for a classful protocol, all subnets for the major network number being used must be the same length.
Also, the classful protocol cannot support discontiguous network prefixes. The passive state means that a router has a successor for a route. The active state means that a router does not have a successor or feasible successor for a route and is actively sending queries to neighbors to get information about the route.
The reported distance to a route that is sent to another router is the feasible distance on the reporting router. Feasible distance is the reported distance plus the metric between the receiving and reporting routers.
The route with the lowest feasible distance is the successor. Any routes with a reported distance that is less than the feasible distance are feasible successors. The last 7 bits are irrelevant, so the mask is 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 and the EIGRP command is ip summary-address eigrp 1 Areas allow the design of a hierarchical network.
Routes can be summarized or blocked in an area to reduce the amount of routing information on internal OSPF routers. OSPF databases on routers in the same area must be identical. If route summarization was allowed within an area, some routers would have specific routes and some routers would have summary routes for routes in the area. If this were allowed, the databases for the area would never agree. OSPF intra-area and interarea routes, and a default route.
External routes are not advertised in a stub area. OSPF intra-area routes and a default route. OSPF interarea and external routes are not advertised in a totally stubby area. OSPF intra-area and interarea routes, and possibly a default route. If the router-id command is used with the OSPF configuration, the address used with this command will be the router ID.
The router with the highest interface priority will be the router ID. If all the interface priorities on the multi-access network are the same, the router with the highest router ID will be the DR. First, calculate the shortest path to an ABR. Second, calculate the shortest path across area 0 to an ABR that is attached to the destination area.
Third, calculate the shortest path across the destination area from the ABR to the destination network. To connect a nonzero area to the backbone if the nonzero area becomes disconnected from the backbone. A virtual link can also be used if the backbone, or area 0, becomes discontiguous. The constant ,, can be changed using the auto-cost reference-bandwidth command.
EIGRP has an administrative distance of IGRP has an administrative distance of OSPF has an administrative distance of RIP has an administrative distance of The loopback address written in dotted decimal and using three digits for each byte has a value of The system ID is OSPF has a backbone area or area 0. All nonzero areas must be connected to the backbone through a router or a virtual link. IS-IS has a backbone area made up of a contiguous chain of Level 2 capable routers.
By default, all routes are advertised into all OSPF areas. By default, IS-IS does not advertise interarea or external routes into an area but injects a default route. An OSPF interface metric is determined from the interface bandwidth. By default, all IS-IS interface metrics are equal to A narrow metric uses 6 bits for the interface metric and 10 bits for the path metric. A wide metric uses 24 bits for the interface metric and 32 bits for the path metric. Synchronization is a property of IBGP.
BGP advertises the summary, and all the specific routes of the summary unless they are specifically suppressed. RIP version 2 has a limited network diameter of 15 hops. BGP relies on simple techniques for best path selection and loop detection and can handle the number of network prefixes required for Internet routing. Unicast IP packets are forwarded based on the destination IP address.
Answer : There are two type of RIP messages, these are request and respond. IP work at layer 3 and TCP at layer 4. Answer : Private vlan is a concept in vlan you can have vlans in a single vlan. It is used in where hundreds of vlans are configured. You only need to make one vlan and all other vlans in this vlan. What Is A Core Network? Answer : A core network is where the entire main network lives. Without core network, the whole network cannot be run.
All routers and switches are connected to their core network. Answer : The access layer is said to be the layer in which host are connected with the switch it is a end layer connected host with the switch. Layer 2 switches are mostly used in access layer. Answer : Just add —t at the end of the IP… like Does Ripv1 Support Classless Routing? Answer : RIPv1 does not support classless routing. RIPv2 support classfull and classless routing both.
What Is Redistribution? Answer : It is a concept by which two different routing protocol can communicate and exchange information with each other. Answer : The static route distance will be 1 even with the next hop.
What Is Synchronization? Popular Interview Questions. All Interview Questions. Ccnp Practice Test. IT Skills. Management Skills. Communication Skills. Business Skills. Digital Marketing Skills.
Human Resources Skills. Health Care Skills. Finance Skills. All Courses. All Practice Tests. Answer : These are confederation and route reflector Question 4. The hostname and the Interfaces. The hostname is the name of your router. The Interfaces are fixed configurations that refer to the router ports. Logical Topology refers to the signal path through the physical topology. Physical Topology is the actual layout of the network medium.
This may happen when the hold-down timer has already expired, or when the router received a processing task that incidentally was proportional to the number of links in the internetwork. It also has the numeric identification number that defines the packet number and order. When data is sent across the network, that information is segmented into data packets.
In short, data packets carry the information and routing configuration for your transferred message. You can also make static IPS for machines like printers, servers, routers, and scanners. It is because UDP is un-sequenced and unreliable. It is not capable of creating virtual circuits and acknowledgments. It is availed on a router to share routes with other routers within the same autonomous system. Unlike other routers like RIP, EIGRP only sends incremental updates, decreasing the workload on the router and the amount of data that needs to be transferred.
Erase startup- coding is the command you must use if you want to delete the configuration data that is stored in the NVRAM.
Full duplex means that the communication can occur in both directions at the same time, while half-duplex means that the communication can happen in one direction at a time. Route poisoning is a technique of preventing a network from transmitting packets through a route that has become invalid. In the case of RIP table entry, 16 hops will be assigned to dead or invalid route making it unreachable. Skip to content. Report a Bug. Previous Prev. Next Continue. Home Testing Expand child menu Expand.
SAP Expand child menu Expand. Web Expand child menu Expand. Must Learn Expand child menu Expand. Big Data Expand child menu Expand. Live Project Expand child menu Expand. AI Expand child menu Expand. Toggle Menu Close. Search for: Search. Hub has a single broadcast domain and collision domain. Anything comes in one port is sent out to the others. It is a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches have a single broadcast domain and multiple collision domains.
It supports any packet protocol, as such it operates at the data link layer 2 and layer 3. TCP is connection oriented protocol. When connection lost during transferring files, the server would request the lost part.
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