Selenium 12ws600 pdf

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Hi, How can we download a "embedded PDF file" from webdriver through selenium using java. Skip to main content. Selenium Easy. In , the FDA allowed a qualified health claim on foods and dietary supplements containing selenium to state that while "some scientific evidence suggests that consumption of selenium may reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer FDA has determined that this evidence is limited and not conclusive" [ 43 ].

More research is needed to confirm the relationship between selenium concentrations and cancer risk and to determine whether selenium supplements can help prevent any form of cancer. Selenoproteins help prevent the oxidative modification of lipids, reducing inflammation and preventing platelets from aggregating [ 9 ]. For these reasons, experts have suggested that selenium supplements could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease or deaths associated with cardiovascular disease.

The epidemiological data on the role of selenium in cardiovascular disease have yielded conflicting conclusions. Some observational studies have found an inverse association between serum selenium concentrations and risk of hypertension or coronary heart disease.

A meta-analysis of 25 observational studies found that people with lower selenium concentrations had a higher risk of coronary heart disease [ 44 ]. However, other observational studies failed to find statistically significant links between selenium concentrations and risk of heart disease or cardiac death, or they found that higher selenium concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [ ].

Several clinical trials have examined whether selenium supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. In one randomized, placebo-controlled study, for example, healthy adults aged 60 to 74 years with a mean baseline plasma selenium concentration of 9. A review of trials of selenium-only supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease found no statistically significant effects of selenium on fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events [ 52 ].

Almost all of the subjects in these clinical trials were well-nourished male adults in the United States. The limited clinical-trial evidence to date does not support the use of selenium supplements for preventing heart disease, particularly in healthy people who already obtain sufficient selenium from food.

Additional clinical trials are needed to better understand the contributions of selenium from food and dietary supplements to cardiovascular health.

Serum selenium concentrations decline with age. The results of observational studies are mixed [ 55 ]. In two large studies, participants with lower plasma selenium levels at baseline were more likely to experience cognitive decline over time, although whether the participants in these studies were selenium deficient is not clear [ 53 , 56 , 57 ].

An analysis of NHANES data on 4, elderly people in the United States found no association between serum selenium levels which ranged from lower than Researchers have evaluated whether taking an antioxidant supplement containing selenium reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly people.

MAX study on 4, participants aged 45 to 60 years in France found that, compared with placebo, daily supplementation with mg ascorbic acid, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc for 8 years was associated with higher episodic memory and semantic fluency test scores 6 years after the study ended [ 59 ]. More evidence is required to determine whether selenium supplements might help prevent or treat cognitive decline in elderly people.

Selenium concentration is higher in the thyroid gland than in any other organ in the body, and, like iodine, selenium has important functions in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Epidemiological evidence supporting a relationship between selenium levels and thyroid gland function includes an analysis of data on 1, participants in the SU.

MAX study indicating an inverse relationship between serum selenium concentrations and thyroid volume, risk of goiter, and risk of thyroid tissue damage in people with mild iodine deficiency [ 60 ]. However, these results were statistically significant only in women. A cross-sectional study in adults with mild iodine deficiency in Denmark also found a significant inverse association between serum selenium concentration and thyroid volume in women [ 61 ].

Randomized, controlled trials of selenium supplementation in patients with thyroid disease have had varied results. Compared with patients treated with placebo, those treated with selenium but not pentoxifylline reported a higher quality of life.

Women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies tend to develop hypothyroxinemia while they are pregnant and thyroid dysfunction and hypothyroidism after giving birth [ 9 ]. The authors of a Cochrane review of hypothyroidism interventions during pregnancy concluded, based on a trial that administered supplements containing mcg selenium as selenomethionine daily to pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies [ 64 ], that selenomethionine supplementation in this population is a promising strategy, especially for reducing postpartum thyroiditis [ 65 ].

However, the authors called for large randomized clinical trials to provide high-quality evidence of this effect. Additional research is needed to determine whether selenium supplements can help prevent or treat thyroid disease. Chronically high intakes of the organic and inorganic forms of selenium have similar effects [ 6 ]. Early indicators of excess intake are a garlic odor in the breath and a metallic taste in the mouth.

The most common clinical signs of chronically high selenium intakes, or selenosis, are hair and nail loss or brittleness. Other symptoms include lesions of the skin and nervous system, nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, mottled teeth, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system abnormalities. As discussed earlier, Brazil nuts contain very high amounts of selenium 68—91 mcg per nut and could cause selenium toxicity if consumed regularly. Acute selenium toxicity has resulted from the ingestion of misformulated over-the-counter products containing very large amounts of selenium [ 2 , 5 ].

In , for example, people experienced severe adverse reactions from taking a liquid dietary supplement containing times the labeled amount [ 66 ]. Acute selenium toxicity can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, hair loss, muscle tenderness, tremors, lightheadedness, facial flushing, kidney failure, cardiac failure, and, in rare cases, death [ 2 , 6 ].

The FNB has established ULs for selenium from food and supplements based on the amounts of selenium that are associated with hair and nail brittleness and loss see Table 3 [ 6 ]. Selenium can interact with certain medications, and some medications can have an adverse effect on selenium levels.

One example is provided below. Individuals taking this and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their selenium status with their healthcare providers.

Cisplatin, an inorganic platinum chemotherapy agent, is used to treat ovarian, bladder, lung, and other cancers. Cisplatin can reduce selenium levels in hair and serum but whether these reductions have a clinically significant impact is not known [ 67 , 68 ].

The federal government's — Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients e. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.

Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice.

Updated: March 26, History of changes to this fact sheet. Find ODS on:. Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements. Health Information Health Information.

Selenium Fact Sheet for Consumers. References Sunde RA. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. In: Bowman B, Russell R, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Selenium supplementation and cancer prevention. Curr Nutr Rep ; Sunde RA. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Estimation of antioxidant intakes from diet and supplements in U. J Nutr ; Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. Br J Nutr ; Selenium and human health.

Lancet ; Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central , Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr. Preparation, homogeneity and stability studies of a candidate LRM for Se speciation. Anal Bioanal Chem. Food and Drug Administration. Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial.